Introduction:
Since the man was found on this earth He wonders about the origin of things and the reasons for their formation and how they formed, and important questions and old and which has preoccupied mind is the question of the origin of the universe. He developed many ideas and opinions, some of them longer legends, others became unrealistic ideas and some outdated theories. The modern theory that explains the origin of the universe and that seemed hot among scientists is (the Big Bang theory). The theory that explains the origins of the solar system are (nebular theory), which is part of the Big Bang theory, but we preferred studied separately to facilitate the understanding of the reader. With regard to the emergence of the moon, which is important for us because it's the only land, there are many theories that try to explain its inception, but the most prominent and the most recent and widely accepted in the scientific community is (collision theory). And we will address each of these three theories (the theory of the Big Bang, and the nebular theory, and the theory of collision) in some detail as follows:
Introduction: the Big Bang cosmic accident before (15 billion) a year when the whole universe was compressed in a single atomic molecule is one point called the scientists name (primitive corn) or (the cosmic soup). And that the size of this point was equal to zero and infinite mass. This means that the universe was a pure energy. And that the final version of which can be abbreviated theory is: that before (15) billion years a huge explosion occurred in a primitive atom contains the total matter and energy. In the first moments of the massive explosion temperature increased to several trillion, has created the parts of atoms, and these parts have created atoms, namely hydrogen atoms and helium, and these atoms consisted cosmic dust which originated from galaxies later, then formed the stars and planets still consists In the meantime, the universe was still in the case of extended and expanded, and so the Big Bang not only led to the emergence of new atomic particles but to the existence of the concepts of time and place it was impossible to talk to them before the article.
Scientists who founded the theory of the Big Bang many, but most notably: Belgian priest George if Meter
Evidence of the Big Bang: There are a number of phenomena that point to a big bang:
Since the beginning of the nineteenth century to the space scientists noted the existence of dark lines between the colors of the solar spectrum in their analysis of sunlight. With the development of monitoring equipment space and the stars remained these lines lie, and it turned out that these lines refer to the emission of hydrogen from the stars, and proved French physicist (Armand VIZO) that celestial objects left when analyzing spectrum colors redder if they approached the control center, but tends to blue when away.
And the work of Edwin Hubble (Edwin Hubble) in the first half of the twentieth century to develop these discoveries. The Hubble reached using his famous telescope (Hubble Space Telescope) to reach the idea of expansion of the universe since confirmed that the stars and galaxies are moving away from the center of which is monitoring the ground, as well as moving away from each other. After a series of comparisons arrived to a law known his view (The speed of the star direct proportion to the square of the distance that separates us about it, that whenever the star was far greater speed distance us). The galaxies are moving away from each other as well. The scientists tried to liken this phenomenon when a bomb explodes, Vhzayaha start off slow and then accelerate and then slow, and each fragment will move away from the rest is the same way.
In order to understand the idea more, brought the balloon and draw a set of points. Balloon is considered the universe and the points are galaxies, begin inflating the balloon, you'll see that the points are all moving away from each other, and the greater the breadth of the balloon, the more points more. This is what happens in the universe exactly.
Einstein was the start of the supporters of the idea of a static universe (expander) which article distributed evenly, so he had to add to a mathematical equations number called cosmic Balthabt
(Cosmological Constant) to be offset in line with what is believed at the time of stillness of the universe, but his calculations proved him what contradicts the idea of origin completely and ended up to confirm that the universe is scalable and contraction which led him to modify his theory first and built an idea about the spherical universe of four dimensions. Einstein has said for the cosmological constant that he (the biggest mistake of my life).
was great and it is assumed that there will be a few specific amount of radiation left over from the explosion and most of it should be homogeneous across the entire universe.
After two decades there has been proof رصدي close to intuition Kamov, In (1964) the researchers working in the laboratories of companies but for Telephones in New Jersey two (Arno Benzias) (Arno Penziaz) and (Robert Wilson) (Robert Wilson) by conducting an experiment connecting wireless and accidentally found a regular radio signals properties, coming from all directions in the sky at all times and on an ongoing basis. These signals are interpreted as the rest of the radio radiation that resulted from the process of the great cosmic explosion. The temperature estimated that more radiation, about three degrees Celsius, and grant Benzias and Wilson Nobel Prize for their discovery.
Have been achieved and NASA (NASA) of the United States (1989) findings both Anzias and Uelssn background radiation of the universe by sending a satellite into space they called (COBE) which is an acronym for the phrase(Cosmic Background Explorer), which means (Explorer background radiation) was the purpose of sending it to investigate cosmic microwave minute (Cosmic Microwave) and provided the latest devices sensitive, and I need this Moon to just eight minutes to find this radiation and measured, the height of the Moon (600 km ) around the earth, it has been found that the temperature of the background radiation of the universe less than three degrees Celsius (specifically 2.735 ° C). Have proved this study homogeneity matter in the universe and is worth fully in the properties before the explosion and after any of the first moment of the process Bang the great and the spread of radiation in both space and time with the possibility of the existence of places the center of a dark matter, known as dark matter (Dark Matter). This has also satellite photographed the remnants of cosmic smoke resulting from the Big Bang, on the outskirts of the conscious part of the universe (after ten billion light-years) and proved to be the case of dark smoke dominated universe before galaxies.
(3) the amount of gaseous hydrogen and helium in the universe: Recent studies indicate the distribution of known elements in the perceived of the universe to that of hydrogen gas to be little more than (74%) of the material universe, and followed in the ratio helium gas, which is about (24%) of that article. This means that the lighter elements they are together more than (98%) of the material universe perspective, while the rest of the elements combined (the number of items is discovered element 105) are less than (2%) of the material universe. These figures support the Big Bang theory, as George Kamov could mathematical ways to reach these proportions before being calculated experimental methods for tens of years. Moreover, these ratios confirm that the universe had a beginning, because if the universe is without a beginning, it means that each hydrogen gas must have been burned and turned into helium.
Stages of the origins of the universe: can be divided into the emergence and evolution of the universe according to the Big Bang theory to five main stages:
First stage: a stage that precedes the time (10 ^ -43). These are called phase phase singularity (Singularity) At this stage there is no atoms and elementary particles, they are all integrated to form something vague can not figure out what it was, this stage is not subject to any statute physicist and remain phase obscure interpret mathematics physics, scientists are unable to describe or imagine anything rational or enabling acceptance of mind with regard to a time of absolute zero, when there was nothing has happened yet. Behind the times mentioned, which is (10 ^ -43) located time Planck (Planck Time) famous, who was named the proportion of the world famous physicist Max Planck (Max Planck), this time represents a point of time no one knows what happened before, which is in Big Bang theory represented including by time (10 ^ -43) seconds. Which called for scientists to label this time point to the wall. And the Max Planck was first pointed out the impossibility of interpretation of the atoms in the stage where extreme gravity.
Phase II: start from (10 ^ -43) seconds until (1) a second. At the time of $ (10 ^ -43) happened bang. Qatar was the universe (10 ^ -33) centimeters, no smaller than the diameter of the nucleus of an atom, which is (10 ^ -13) centimeters. Powers of the four now in the universe (strong nuclear force, and weak nuclear force, and the electromagnetic force, and the force of gravity) were united with each composed one type of energy, the heat was an (10 ^ +32) Calvin any more heat from the sun, which is ( 6000) degrees Celsius at the surface (20) million degrees Celsius in the center. The temperature of the universe is maximum temperature limits that collapses behind all the laws of physics as we know it. The matter in the universe was made up of particles of primitive non-existent now, the ancestors of Alkarkat (Quarks) which is one of the elements of the material. This was the primitive particles interact with each other constantly, and it was the universe grows and grows permanently.
Of (10 ^ -35) seconds and up (10 ^ -32) seconds, inflation of the universe by (10 ^ +50) times its original size, it is the size of less than the nucleus of an atom to the size of diameter ball (10) centimeters. This massive expansion is greater than the expansion that took place from then to now, rate of inflation now become relatively weak it by (10 ^ +9), in other words, we say that the difference size exists between the initial part of the universe and the ball is relatively larger than the difference between the ball and the size universe now.
Continue expansion of the universe and coolness, and get something important in the period between (10 ^ -11) seconds to (10 ^ -15) seconds, since all disappear particles primitive, leaving room for Barticlat (Particules), the smallest constituent parts of the substance now known, and the powers The four took disintegration and separatism, was done at a temperature of (10 ^ +15) Calvin.
As a result of the continued expansion of the universe and the low temperature, and at the time (10 ^ -10) seconds and beyond, many of minutes began Baltkon. These minutes are called (Baryons) and include photons (Photons) and Niotrinwat (Neutrinos) and electrons (Electrons) and quarks (Quarks) which will become Article built block material and neighborhoods that we know today. The size of the universe a thousand times its previous size, that size has become the size of our solar system.
The third stage: (1) back to (3) minutes, the temperature of the universe more than (10) billion degrees Celsius. This temperature can be accessed in a nitrogen bomb blasts. At this stage the universe was composed of photons, electrons, and sub-atomic particles such as neutrons and protons. With the continued decline in the temperature of protons, are becoming more common until it reached about seven times per neutrons. All united with neutron proton to form pairs called Baldotiriom (Deuterom) accruing to be element helium nuclei, containing two protons and two neutrons, and this process continues until each neutrons merged with protons to form helium, which all disappeared neutrons of the universe. This means that the helium is almost a quarter of the components of the universe.
Phase IV: (3) minutes (100 million years), have not made up of atoms not after (300 thousand) years, and temperatures fell to the (3000) Kelvin, allowing hydrogen atoms to come in and stay without a patio. After cooler universe appeared neutral atoms (Atoms Neutral) abundance. The universe was smaller than it is now very much gathered atoms neutral composed clouds gas, of these clouds invading appeared Stars initial and tomorrow the universe transparent and became light starts to light years without facing the risk of absorption was not vision as possible before that time because the light was absorbed, making monitoring if it was estimated that monitoring impossible. After about (32 million years) after the Big Bang to today began the creation of most of the elements known to us (which is more than a hundred and five elements) process of nuclear fusion within the star so that the element iron within colonies incandescent Great, and formed elements top weight of nuclei iron Basttiyadha the primary building blocks of material scattered in the sky page.
Phase V: (100 million years) to (present), when the universe was five current size young galaxies formed (Galaxies Young) from a pool of stars. When he reached the universe half its size current formed aggregates solar (Solar Systems) which consists of a star revolves around the number of planets in orbits specific planet, but our solar system called Darb Way (Milky Way) has formed after (10 billion) a year of a Big Bang , when he was the size of the universe two-thirds of its current size. How they formed solar systems or totals interpreted according to the nebular theory that today has become part of the Big Bang theory, which we will address it in some detail below.
Introduction: We knew in the preceding paragraphs how galaxies formed, and reminded us that each galaxy consists of a group of hot stars, and revolves around each of these stars a group of planets. And now we would like to learn how to be our solar system and its location in the vast universe.
Milky Way (Milky Way): located our solar system in the galaxy called the Milky Way, which is about disk oblate of stars, gas and cosmic dust and her arms Halzin, the galaxy Qatar browser ranging length between (100 - 200) thousand light-years away and Qatar poles with a length of about (100) thousand light-years away, and the spin on its axis complement one cycle convergence period (200) million years. Containing the Milky Way on (100000) one million star different size and sparkle, and one of these stars is the sun which is a star average size and moderate luster, located at the edge of the Milky Way, the sun is located in the center of the solar consisting of sun and (10 ) planets (Planets) and (61) moon (Moons) and more (1500) asteroid (Planetoid) and countless comets (Comets) and meteorites (Meteorites).
The emergence of the solar system: the general idea of the emergence of the solar system is that our solar system was composed of a cloud of gas and dust called nebulae (Nebula), located in the depths of the arm spiral Milky Way galaxy, which is one of the galaxies numerous formed because of the Big Bang. This huge cloud was composed of two Khvevin elements hydrogen and helium with a little oxygen and even small amounts of trace elements (Heavy Elements) such as silicon and iron. Nebula slowly revolves around its center, which consists of a cluster containing complex eddies (Complicated Eddies) arose because of what is known to fall or gravitational coup(Gravitational Collapse). Under the influence of the force of gravity take the mist form of the turntable (Rotating Disk) with an increase in the temperature and density of the cluster at the center, which eventually led to the sun.
The outer part of the cloud (nebula) was, of course, is the largest and colder, so the materials, such as water, ammonia and methane hardened snow and low density. Material near the sun stayed Authority steam but silicon, iron, aluminum and similar materials was able to unite with oxygen and crystallized at high temperatures to solids, leading to the formation of dense, rocky materials. In any case, these materials were not condense (Aboundant) as ice forming materials, so the early history of the solar system has witnessed widespread and differential in the materials. Silicate materials which are stable at high temperatures were stationed in the middle regions of the nebular cloud, while icy solids are common near the edge of the nebular cloud.
After a relatively short period, perhaps less than (100) thousand years after the nebula, the small particles in the solar system embryonic or immature (Embryonic Solar System) became bigger and bigger until it became objects the size of one of the planets car located between Mars and Jupiter and which is named Balsear ( Asteroid) composed of rock and ice called primitive planets (Planetesimals). When these primitive planets move in orbits around the sun, they become larger objects able to grow by gravitational buildup (Gravitational Accretion) which makes them sweep or combine many of the smaller items near their orbits, and thus, these primitive planets become major planets.
The size and composition of the planets depends mainly on the distance from the sun. In the regions near the sun, high temperature, rare metals and silicates can be crystallized into solid materials combine to be planets. In remote regions of the sun, low-lying temperature or even cold, the materials that have the ability to shape in lowland temperatures such as water, methane and nitrogen can become solid ice and combine to be planets. Because these elements quick evaporation be more prolific of silicate van icy bodies larger consists in the regions Foreign distant solar system, so in regions cold enough in the solar system consists icy bodies large gathering Ghazi hydrogen and helium, consisting of the giant planets (Giant Planets).
Many materials nebula spin inside heading towards the center of the solar system, as a result of this assembly generated intense pressure raises the temperature of the center of the solar system to the extent that it becomes the center is we have provided a huge nuclear(Vast Nuclear Furnace) to be the new star is the sun (Sun). In the meantime, the planets President and accessories revolve in their orbits around the sun Minesweeper most pieces remaining near their orbits, this final phase of the shape planetary registered clearly by regions nozzles (Cratered Terrain) on the surfaces of both the Moon and Mercury, Mars and many objects planetary.
All objects planetary been rising temperature due to collision number of planets primitive formed with each other, if this rise in temperature sufficient to melt the planet, the material constituent will Taatfadil (Differentiated), where the material most densely descend to accumulate in the center of the planet is composed pulp (Core) and lighter materials accumulate near the surface. This process known as planetary differentiation process (Planetary Differentiation) and leads to the formation of constituent layers in planets of the solar system.
Types of planets in the solar system: in our solar system formed three types of planets, divided depending on the later of the sun to the two sets are the inner planets and the group of the outer planets:
(1) the inner planets (Inner Planets): It planets near the sun, which are often small and composed of elements of silica and iron, that is, they made up of rocky material. Advantage of these planets an indoor thermal activity, which in turn leads to tectonic activity occurs (kinesthetic) on its surface is formation of mountains, volcanoes and earthquakes. It represented بعطارد (Mercury) and Venus (Venus) and Mars (Mars) and the earth (Earth).
(2) the outer planets (Outer Planets): a distant planets from the sun, and be either large or small and composed mostly of hydrogen and helium gases and oxygen. Therefore, each is covered with water freezing and she knows planets ice (Icy Planets) and are usually small in size, and some other consists of gas and be large too so called giant gaseous (Gas Giant), characterized these planets there is no activity thermal indoor and therefore surface be devoid of motor activities. It represented the buyer (Jupiter), Saturn (Saturn) and Auros (Uranus) and Neptune (Neptune) and Pluto (Pluto).
